英语翻译At all points of the modern marketing system people have formed associations and eliminated various middlemen in order to achieve more efficient marketing.Manufacturers often maintain their own wholesale departments and deal directly with

英语翻译At all points of the modern marketing system people have formed associations and eliminated various middlemen in order to achieve more efficient marketing.Manufacturers often maintain their own wholesale departments and deal directly with
英语翻译
At all points of the modern marketing system people have formed associations and eliminated various middlemen in order to achieve more efficient marketing.Manufacturers often maintain their own wholesale departments and deal directly with retailers.Independent stores may operate their own wholesale agencies to supply them with goods.Wholesale houses operate outlets for their wares,and farmers sell their products through their own wholesale cooperatives.Recent years have seen the development of wholesale clubs,which sell retail items to consumers who purchase memberships that give them the privilege of shopping at wholesale prices.Commodity exchanges,such as those of grain and cotton,enable businesses to buy and sell commodities for both immediate and future delivery.
Methods of merchandising have also been changed to attract customers.The one-price system,probably introduced (1841) by A.T.Stewart in New York,saves sales clerks from haggling and promotes faith in the integrity of the merchant.Advertising has created an international market for many items,especially trademarked and labeled goods.In 1999 more than $308 billion was spent on advertising in the United States alone.The number of customers,especially for durable goods,has been greatly increased by the practice of extending credit,particularly in the form of installment buying and selling.Customers also buy through mail-order catalogs (much expanded from the original catalog sales business of the late 1800s),by placing orders to specialized “home-shopping” television channels,and through on-line transactions (“e-commerce”) on the Internet.
Services are marketed in much the same manner as goods and commodities.Sometimes a service,like that of a repair person or physician,is marketed through the same act that produces it.Personal services may also be brokered by employment agencies,booking agents for concert or theatrical performers,travel agents,and the like.Methods of marketing now include market research,motivational research,and other means of determining consumer acceptability of a product before the producer decides to manufacture and market it on a large scale.Market research,often conducted by means of telephone interviews with consumers,is a major industry in itself,with the top 50 U.S.marketing firms tallying revenues of $5.9 billion in 1998.

英语翻译At all points of the modern marketing system people have formed associations and eliminated various middlemen in order to achieve more efficient marketing.Manufacturers often maintain their own wholesale departments and deal directly with
在现代营销体系人士组成的各种协会和消除中间人,以实现更有效的营销的所有问题.制造商经常保持自己的批发部门和零售商直接处理.独立商店可以经营自己的批发机构,他们提供的商品.
批发房子为他们的商品经营网点,农民通过自己的销售批发合作社他们的产品.近年来,俱乐部的批发,零售商品的销售给消费者购买的会员认为谁给他们购物的批发价格特权的发展.Commo
dity交流,如粮食,棉花的,能够使企业购买和销售为当前和今后交付的商品.
商品销售的方法也在发生变化,以吸引顾客.一个价格体系,可能推出（1841年）在纽约由AT斯图尔特,节省了从销售员讨价还价,并促进在商业诚信的信念.广告创造了许多项目,特别是商品商标和标签的国际市场.
在1999年超过三千○八十○亿美元是用在美国单独的广告.客户数目,特别是耐用消费品,大大增加了提供信贷的做法,特别是在分期付款买卖形式.客户也可以购买,通过邮购目录（大部分从原来的目录销售业务的扩大次
19世纪末的位置）,由买单专门的“家庭购物”电视频道,并通过网上交易（“电子商务”）在互联网上.
服务是销售在很大程度上与货物和商品的方式相同.有时像一个维修人员或医生的服务,是通过相同的销售行为产生了.个人服务,也可以促成的职业介绍所,预约音乐会或戏剧表演,旅行社代理,等等.现在的营销方式,包括市场研究,
动机的研究,并确定消费者对产品的接受其他方法生产的决定之前,制造和市场大规模它.市场研究,往往是与消费者电话访谈方式进行,是一个重要的产业本身,与美国市场排名前50位的公司在1998年统计的59亿美元的收入.
楼上的,哀.

这么长 15分 我不答 鄙人英语专业的 你这么长的都可以拿好多RMB了